Refractory epilepsy accounts for 15-30% of epilepsy patients (Minh Xuan N, et al., 2020). However, not all lesions detected by MRI will cause seizures (Rüber T, et al., 2018), and not all abnormal brain structures in patients can be found. The application of MRI in patients with epilepsy includes three aspects: etiological diagnostics, presurgical evaluation and as a control in follow-up (Rüber T, et al., 2018). Nonenhanced and enhanced MRI sequences are widely used in clinical work. Contrast agents disturb the magnetic properties of water protons in the body to diagnose lesions (Ibrahim MA, et al., 2020). Gadolinium is the commonly used contrast agent. Enhanced MRI requires the injection of a specific contrast agent. In addition to nonenhanced sequences, MRI also includes enhanced images. Therefore, brain lesions can be identified using MRI. All MRI images are affected by differences in T1, T2, and proton density in various tissues (Damadian R, 1971). T1 imaging mainly describes normal anatomy, and T2-weighted images detect changes in brain structure based on the water content (Brown MA, et al., 1999). Conventional MRI includes T1- and T2-weighted images. It has high spatial resolution and no radiation, and the relationship between the abnormal structure of the brain and surrounding tissue can be detected by weighted imaging (Zucca I, et al., 2018). Imaging technology in patients with structural lesionsįor brain structural lesions, MRI is usually the first choice (Akkus Z, et al., 2017). summarizes the detection indicators and tracers of various imaging techniques in epilepsy diagnosis. Here, we mainly briefly describe the application of magnetic resonance and other new neuroimaging techniques in epilepsy. New neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and related extension technology, magnetoencephalography (MEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), are also commonly utilized methods in epilepsy diagnosis (Goodman AM and Szaflarski JP, 2021 Rowe JB. MRI scans use different weighted images and flats to identify white matter and gray matter (Zeng HM, et al., 2021). CT has substantial diagnostic sensitivity for patients with epilepsy who have brain tumors or head trauma (Kvam KA, et al., 2019). Neuroimaging technologyĪmong the traditional imaging techniques, computed technology (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are well established (Zeng HM, et al., 2021). CT: computerized tomography MRI: magnetic resonance imaging DTI: diffusion tensor imaging DWI: diffusion weighted imaging fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging MRS: magnetic resonance spectroscopy SPECT: single-photon emission computerized tomography LGI1: leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 NMDA-R: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor GAD65: glutamic acid decarboxylase 65. Thus, we reviewed relevant molecular imaging studies in recent years and summarized the application value in the field of epilepsy to improve clinical work. The focus of different imaging techniques differs. Molecular imaging, as an important branch of imaging, has been widely applied in epilepsy. Here, we mainly focused on the application of iconography in epilepsy. We summarized the diagnosis of epilepsy in Figure 2. In addition to clinical symptom analysis, electroencephalogram (EEG), iconography and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses are also included (Hussain L, et al., 2020 Luo L, et al., 2020). The description of clinical symptoms is helpful to diagnose epilepsy. According to different forms of seizures, various auxiliary examinations and other underlying etiologies, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classified epilepsy into different types in 2017 ( Figure 1). Recurrent epilepsy influences patient cognitive function (Lagogianni C, et al., 2020), language (Bartha-Doering L and Trinka E, 2014) and other functions, and some patients even have other diseases, such as depression and anxiety (Yang Y, et al., 2020). Approximately 70 million people have epilepsy worldwide (Guo K, et al., 2020). If two seizures occur without obvious inducement, the risk of recurrent seizures will be 60%-90% (Fisher RS, et al., 2014). Epilepsy is a common and recurrent neurological disease, and its cause is complicated (Guerrini R, et al., 2019).
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